How to Write a Sample Essay For Peer Editing

How to Write a Sample Essay For Peer EditingThe first step to writing a sample essay for peer editing is to determine how much you are willing to give up in order to get it done. Do you have the energy and motivation to write on a particular topic? Do you have any writing experience? Are you not sure that you will be able to do it?As you begin writing a sample essay for peer editing, you must decide if you will be following a written format or a more conversational one. What kind of story can you tell with an essay? Writing a lot of essay topics is not always easy. Remember, you need to draw the reader into your story and interest them in the topic.The best way to go about creating a sample essay for peer editing is to think about the topic first. You might be surprised at what you come up with. After that, you can think about your tone, your writing style, and make sure that you are clear on where you are going with your topic.Using your topic first, then asking yourself what your w riting style will be and how you will be trying to end the essay, will help you focus on the essay topic. Many times, those who are trying to learn how to write essays are usually eager to get started. Often, they begin to write before they have all the information needed to do so. By waiting until they have the facts and figures, they can finish the assignment more quickly.Once you have decided how you will be doing your sample essay, start thinking about your essay topic. Think about what you would like to say. This might involve describing why you are working in that field, how you became interested in that field, or how your experiences have influenced you. These are often ideas that you find interesting or important.Doing research and knowing what you are going to use as your thesis is important. Research can help you learn more about your topic. Since most people like to use their own experiences to explain their ideas, you might want to include some of your own experiences in your essay.Writing a sample essay for peer editing is really no different than writing any other assignment. Just like an essay you wrote last year, you will want to add a personal touch to the essay and write the best you can. Your ability to tell your story through your words is very important.

External Environmental Factors Essay Example

External Environmental Factors Paper In the past, the relation of total quality management (TTS), market orientation, and performance are equivocal. These mixed results may be due to some factors or not to include the environmental factors. This study adopts the Unprepossessing-Output (PIP) concept model to construct all variables research model. The research surveyed samples of 588 and used Structural Equation Model and discriminate analysis for analysis and testing. The results show that TTS positively affects hotel performance. Market orientation positively affects hotel performance. Market orientation has the mediating effect between TTS and hotel performance. External environment factors truly play a moderator between TTS, market orientation and hotel performance, especially when external environment factors greater changes are going to help to build relationship with customer, to enhance hotel performance and further to gain chance of hotels survival. Crown Copyright 0 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Total quality management Market orientation Hotel performance External environmental factors Structural Equation Model 1 . Introduction Total quality management (TTS) is a widely recognized management philosophy, and has become the key slogan as organizations strive for competitive advantage in markets (Surcharged et al. , 2001 TTS focuses on continuous process improvement within organizations to provide superior customer value and meet customer needs. Meeting customer needs involves company operations focused on understanding, sharing, and responding to customers through marketing concept. Firms adopting and implementing the marketing concept are said to display a market orientation Lamb et al. , 2005). We will write a custom essay sample on External Environmental Factors specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on External Environmental Factors specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on External Environmental Factors specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Market-oriented firms have been demonstrated to be successful at maintaining a strong competitive position (Walker et al. , 2006). Therefore, TTS and market orientation can constitute a valuable firm strategy and provide a competitive advantage to respond to the competitive business environment. Studies have claimed that marketing and TTS are complementary business philosophies (Longboat et al. , 2000; Mohr Jackson, 1 AAA,b). However, departments responsible for implementing T KM policy may consider increasing sales through higher quality products or service needs rather than marketing. Poor coordination among departments, or even rivalries and distrust, are not * Corresponding author at: 396 Changing Rd. , Sec. 1, Sway Jean, Taiwan 71101, Taiwan, ROCCO. Tell. : +886 8 7338241. E-mail address: [emailprotected] Path. Gob. Two (S. -C. Chin). Unusual. Moreover, partial enterprises that have conducted TTS have not considered their attributes or properly used them in marketing, preventing top managers from understanding marketing topics. Therefore one-third of TTS-adopting enterprises continue to exhibit prejudice (Hitcher, 1 995), or have failed in TTS implementation. These factors cause many organizations o have little or no to complement to TTS and market orientation together. However, even when both are linked in hotel performance effect, the empirical findings are mixed, and homogeneous results regarding their relationships are lacking. Furthermore, scholars have also argued that relationships among TTS, market orientation and organization performance often vary considerably in terms of magnitude, or when improving performance, generating mixed and controversial results. Additionally, the hotel industry suffers a lack of information regarding TTS or barriers to developing market orientation (Gray et al. 2000; Harris and Watkins, 1998; Lazars and Counterproposal, 2007); few studies have addressed this lack of information or the existence of such barriers in the Taiwanese hotel industry. In the competitive market environment, quality is considered the basic consuming condition. Hotels seeking to improve their performance cannot simply rely on quality, but must also design inducements to attract customers. Long and Cox (1997) and House et al. 1996) addressed the PIP (Input-processing-output) model of TTS, which displays the relationships between the TTS system and participants. This model defines input to enlarge the process and involve both internal and external environments. Process improvement and products are designed to focus on present 0278-4319/$ -? see front matter. Crown Copyright C) 2011 published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Doily. 1 016/j. Jim. 2011. 03. 013 120 C. -H. Wang et al. / International Journal of Hospitality Management 31 (2012) 119-129 and future customer needs. Output describes the way in which participant quality is enhanced to ensure profitability and custom satisfaction. To gain competence of hotels faster than competitors and create superior customer alee strategically within conflicts and interest of inter-departments are critical for hotel survival. This study adopted the PIP concept model of TTS to develop a research model and further probed the relationship between TTS and market orientation to understand its influence on hotel performance. Environmental uncertainty arises from organizational ability to make environmental forecasts (Milliken, 1987). As a result, organizational decision making is influenced by environmental complexity and volatility (May et al. , 2000). Organization attempting to ignore environmental factors or that effuses to respond to such factors create trouble for themselves and placing themselves at a competitive disadvantage. On the contrary, understanding and responsiveness can contribute to hotel effectiveness and benefits. Several studies have argued that market and technological turbulence and competitive intensity may moderate the relationship between market orientation and performance (Circa et al. 2005; Qua and New, 2003; Rose and Shame, 2002; Subliminal et al. , 2009), or that this relationship does not moderate effects (Aziza and Haskins, 201 0; Gasworks and Kohl, 1993; Slater and Nearer, 1994; Subliminal and Espaliering, 2001). TTS is an open system that interacts with the surrounding environment (Steel and Jennings, 1992). However, scholars have argued that TTS does not adapt to dynamic situations (Dooley and Floor, 1998). Business environment is complicated by the dynamics of change and competition producing a degree of uncertainty such that the results after TTS implementing are unclear (Months et al. 2003). Moreover, prior scholars have studied the influence of external environmental factors on the hotel performance effect; most studies have probed legal, political, social, economic, cultural, and technological dimensions. New advanced technologies and a changing market environment have provided quality and marketing concepts with a new dimension. Empirical studies have largely overlooked external environmental factors (for example, market and technological turbulence, and competitive intensity) related to hotel performance. This study incorporates these factors to examine and fill the gaps in the literature. The maturing of the hotel industry has seen competition gradually intensify and customers become increasingly sophisticated. To compete, hotels require a breadth of resources to transform them into more flexible forms to meet the needs of the changing toll industry marketplace. This study simplifies the complex reality of the hotel industry, in which hotels examine their performance using TTS, market orientation, and the moderating effects of external environmental factors. This study tested the research model using data gathered from hotels using a questionnaire survey method, and used the Structural Equation Model and discriminate analysis for analysis and testing. This paper is organized as follows. A literature review discusses four variables and establishes the study hypotheses. Subsequent sections then describe the methodology, results, ND analysis. Finally, the last section discusses conclusions and presents limitations and recommendations. Literature review 2. 1 Total quality management From Seraph et al. 1 989), many studies have attempted to develop an appropriate set of critical quality management constructs to represent an integrated approach to TTS implementation in a business unit (Rehire et al. , AAA,b; Anderson et al. , 1995; Flynn et al. , 1995; Grandson and Greenhorns, 1998; Rah et al. , 1999). Months et al. (2003) synthesized and induced their works to classify five generic constructs: (1) managerial leadership and Mom- mitten; (2) human resources management; (3) the relationship between customers and suppliers; (4) internal organizational culture; and (5) process management. Subsequent studies have relied on these works to assess TTS program effectiveness. TTS is widely recognized as a management philosophy. Numerous controversies exist regarding the elements proposed by different researchers and professionals in relation to TTS. These elements do not fully coincide, and not all such fundamentals that compose the TTS theoretical framework can be called TTS without management factors being implemented in the organizations where they are based (Months et al. , 2003). TTS is largely not applied because executives have not contended with it or consider it unnecessary in the hotel industry (Lazar I and Counterproposal, 2007). The TTS system accords to the PIP (Input-processing-output) concept model to display the relationships between the TTS system and participants (Long and Cox, 1 997; House et al. , 1996). Input is defined as that which enlarges the process and involves both internal and external environments. Processing is focused on both present and future customer needs until top management just combine input with organizational ability to achieve desired goals. Output is defined as all participants (that is, organization members and departments, suppliers and customers) delivering designed services as reliably and economically as possible to ensure profitability and customer satisfaction. Hotels thus satisfy customer needs not only through contain souse improvement (Dale and Plunked, 1990), but also through process management in preventing problems from recurring. Cooperation between internal and external elements is critical for successful TTS implementation. Such successful implementation enhances the morale of employee lifetime, increasing hotel efficiency (Lazars and Counterproposal, 2007). Leadership and guest focus are the principles most commonly incorporated into TTS programs of hotels (Beerier and Balloonist, 1998; Lie et al. , 2007). Learning involves company-wide training that acquires a strategic value for hotels (Boudoirs et al. , 2001 ; Claver et al. , 2006; Thinly et al. , 2000) and enhances both staff skill level and service commitment (Costa, 2004; Haynes and Fryer, 2000). This study finds that TTS-adopting hotels focus on customer focus, continuous improvement, leadership, internal/external operation, employee fulfillment, learning and process management. This study adopted the constructs of TTS stated by Grandson and Greenhorns (1998). Studies have assessed hotel performance using the lodging index (Wassermann and Stafford, 1991), revenue growth rates (Van Doreen and Gusset, 1982), both objective and perceptual (Huber and Richer, 2005), or financial and non- financial performance (Banker et al. , 2000, 2005). Objective is measured by occupancy rate per room, gross operating profit, and gross operating profit per available room per day. Perceptual contains competitive performance and stakeholder satisfaction. Any organization needs finance support. To maximize long-term performance businesses must build and maintain mutually beneficial relationships with buyers (Nearer and Slater, 1990). Therefore, this paper adopts that Norman and Rust (1999) and Nervier and Slater (1990) developed measures Of hotel performance that included financial and customer-based performance. Some studies have suggested that TTS-adopting firms enjoy a competitive advantage over non-TTS (Brash et 2002; Powell, 1995). Furthermore, studies have variously reported that TTS and organizational performance are positively related (Demurrage et al. AAA; Fen et al. 2006), or no effect of T KM on various performance measures (Hair, 1993; Selenga and Faze, 1995), or that TTS is negatively related with organizational performance (McCabe and Wilkinson, 1998; Young and Chain, 1998), which may result from different measures of TTS, ineffective implementation, or a lack of management support, among other reasons (Atari et al. , 121 2010). However, hotel industry has identified outperforming in TTS committed hotels (Claver-Courts et al. , 2008; Lange, 1997) and T KM is likely to improve customer satisfaction, and ultimately financial performance (Gags t al. 2000; Claver-Courts et al. , 2008). This study proposes that hotel adoption of TTS may improve hotel performance. Therefore: Hypothesis 1 . TTS positively affects hotel performance. 2. 2. Market orientation T KM stresses viewing employees as internal clients who deserve special attention (Skilled and Dullard, 2000), aiming to achieve organizations objectives. Satisfaction of external clients is central to the marketing concept (Santos-Vaginal and ?leaver-Gong;leg, 2009). Firms that adopt and implement marketing concepts are said to be market oriented (Lamb et al. , 2005). Market orientation is defined differently within different parts of the research community (Deckhands et al. , 1993; Kohl and Gasworks, 1990; Nearer and Slater, 1990). However, the basic concept still involves generating disseminating, sharing information, and responding appropriately to changing market needs to achieve organizational goals and satisfy customer needs and wants whilst simultaneously considering the interests of all company stakeholders. Several scales exist for measuring market orientation. Kohl et al. (1993) developed a valid measure that includes intelligence generation, dissemination and responsiveness. Furthermore, Gray et al. (1998) proposed a parsimonious model of market orientation based on the work of Eden and Dart (1 994), Gasworks and Kohl (1993), and Nearer and Slater (1990) comprising five dimensions: customer orientation, competitor orientation, inter-functional coordination, responsiveness, and profit emphasis. Additionally, Onward (2008) determined that market orientation should include customer focus, competitive focus, environmental scanning, strategy implementation, and new service development. Different firms may adopt different strategies. This study believes that market orientation is better suited to data collection, including information generation and dissemination, shared interpretation, and organization responsiveness. Previous studies have investigated the antecedents and consequences of market orientation. Viral (2010) used Brazilian Meta- Analysis and International Mega-Analysis to determine that interdepartmental connectedness, interdepartmental environment, and rules for job execution significantly and positively influence market orientation, displaying consequences in improved performance, organization commitment, innovation, and learning. Market orientation is positively related to firm reference (Kara et al. , 2005; Lie et al. , 2008; Chou et al. , 2005). Similarly, Han et al. (1998), Harris (2001), Unhook (2008), and Perry and Shah (2002) failed to find a direct relationship between market orientation and firm performance, even hotel performance (Sergeant and Mohammad, 1999). However, Sin et al. (2005) found market orientation to be critical to hotel performance. These references show that empirical findings related to market orientation have yielded complex and mixed results (Voss and Voss, 2000). Effective information acquisition and dissemination produced high market orientation hat is essential for creating and managing closer customer relationships and requires a solid understanding of customer wants (Rehire et al. , 1 AAA). A market-oriented hotel can afford enhanced product or service quality based on consumer data to boost customer satisfaction. Satisfied customers increase sales and market share through more frequent purchases. This study thus hypothesizes that: Hypothesis 2. Menace. Market orientation positively affects hotel perform- Numerous similarities exist between the concepts of TTS and market orientation (Morgan, 1992). However, partial researchers have thought that TTS implementation is an important mediator helping strengthen the association between market orientation and performance (Demurrage et al. , Bibb); market orientation is statistically significantly associated with quality orientation (Alai, 2003; Mozart and Hyssop, 2009); TTS directly and positively affects market orientation (Santos-Vaginal and ?Aviary-Gong;leg, 2009; Yam et 2005). TTS also benefits market orientation (Maraschino, Bibb). Despite the clear relationship between TTS and market orientation, the empirical findings are mixed and has failed to obtain homogeneous results about their relationship. Marketing practices are important in improving firm performance (Santos-Vaginal et al. , 2005). Market orientation means the implementation of marketing concepts (Kohl and Gasworks, 1990), borrows from the management and strategy domains to avoid an isolationist perspective (Dobbin and Alfalfa, 2003; Storehouse and Van Iraqi, 2004), and depends on other constructs to strengthen its relationship with performance (Menage and AAU, 2006). These constructs may arise in relation to where the influences that may determine market orientation originate (Balloonist and Signoras, 1997). TTS is considered fundamental to the successful application f the marketing concept and is considered a means of increasing marketing preponderance (Santos-Vaginal and Olivarez-Gong;leg, 2009). These show mutual need for TTS and market orientation. TTS involves ongoing monitoring of market forces by implementing organizational processes, and engages all departments of a firm to develop the right market response, all of which are also hallmarks of operative market orientation (Kohl and Gasworks, 1990). Restated, TTS promotes the generation and dissemination of market information to enable firms to consistently and rapidly respond to changing market conditions (Rehire et al. AAA). TTS thus positively affects market orientation. Hypothesis 3 thus is proposed. TTS linked activities to help the development of distinctive competencies which is a mediating variable in the relationship between TTS and performance (Tenant et al. , 2001). Thus, TTS and market orientation are complementary. TTS encourages competencies of adept at generating and sharing market knowledge to enhance customer value and satisfaction, a prerequisite for longtime success (Kerri et al. , 2006). Market orientation positively impacts firm effectiveness and boost market share in TTS (Wang and Wee, 2005). Market orientation mediates the effect of quality orientation on competitive superiority, and competitive superiority drives business performance (Raja and Leonia, 2002; Strangulation and Hart, 2004). Quality orientation originates from TTS (Mozart and Hyssop, 2009). Based on the above literature, this study proposes that hotels link TTS and market orientation. TTS will be help for effective and efficient of implementing market orientation, in turn enhancing performance. TTS- adopting hotels on performance might be channeled through market orientation. Hypothesis 4 thus is proposed. Hypothesis 3. TTS positively effects market orientation. Hypothesis 4. Market orientation has the mediating effect on the relationship between TTS and hotel performance. . 3. Moderating effect of external environmental factors Different organizations are affected by different numbers of environmental factors. External environmental factors change rapidly, are uncertain, and complex, and also create problems for organizations. Any organization ignoring or being unresponsive environmental factors is creating trouble for inviting trouble. Hotel external environment affects the relationship between strategic planning and performance (Phillips, 1999). Competition is a key characteristic of the external environment. Within their com- 122 petition environment hoteliers tend to understand the strengths, weaknesses, and performance associated with providing specific products or services when seeking information about customers and modifying their offerings based on customer data. Market turbulence describes the rate of change in customer composition and customer preferences (Kohl and Gasworks, 1990; Slater and Nearer, 1 994; Subliminal and Espaliering, 2001). As the pace of change accelerates, the need for managers to change their products and services grows. Technological turbulence describes technological change (Kohl and Gasworks, 1990). Technologically advanced organizations can Stay ahead through continuing product and service improvement or advanced process management. When market and technological turbulence and competitive intensity are low, organizations can concentrate on competitive advantage by focusing on customer satisfaction (Subliminal et al. , 2009). Nevertheless, as market turbulence, competitive intensity, and technological turbulence increase, firms must move away from existing customer needs and seek to satisfy latent needs to maintain a nominative advantage (Slater and Nearer, 1998). Several researchers have argued that links between market orientation and performance depend on organizational environment Auroras and Kohl, 1993); for example, the relationship between market orientation and performance may be moderated by market and technological turbulence and competitive intensity (Circa et al. , 2005; Qua and New, 2003; Rose and Shame, 2002; Subliminal et al. 2009), or such a relationship has not moderating effects (Aziza and Haskins, 2010; Gasworks and Kohl, 1993; Slater and Nearer, 1994; Subliminal and Espaliering, 2001). TTS is based on the system respective as a method of managing change in situations involving organizations that are open systems interacting with the environment (Steel and Jennings, 1992). For example, managers should relate changes in consumer perception and competitor activity to management commitment by inspiring and motivating staff and obtaining feedback to improve hotel performance (Aziza and Haskins, 2010). Changes in technology, such as computerizing and e-commerce, can create a quantum leap in work communication, process management, and product and service innovation. Therefore, TTS can flexibly create an environment where organizations are omitted to customer satisfaction through continuous improvement (Barrater et al. , 2008) and external impacts customer satisfaction through the market (Atari et al. , 2010). However, scholars have argued that TTS is not adaptable to dynamic situations (Dooley and Floor, 1998). Business environment is complicated by dynamics of change and competitive, producing a degree of uncertainty such that the nature Of the improvement of results after TTS implementation is unclear (Months et al. , 2003). TTS stresses systematic angles to solve management problems, and stresses external environmental changes in organizational operations. Market orientation depends on changes in external demand to respond to customer needs. External environmental factors significantly impact business strategies in the hospitality industry (Operand et al. 2009). Environmental variables can moderate the effect of management strategies (Attenuate-Gimp, 1995). This study adopts external environmental factors based on the concept of Gasworks and Kohl (1 993), including market and technological turbulence and competitive intensity. External environmental factors are inferred to exert moderating efforts on TTS, market orientation, and hotel performance. This study thus hypothesizes: Hypothesis 5. The effect of TTS on hotel performance is moderated through external environmental factors. Hypothesis 6. The effect of market orientation on hotel performance is moderated through external environmental factors. Fig. 1. Research model. 3. Methodology 3. 1 . Questionnaire development and pilot test Fig. 1 depicts a path diagram for the research model, and is based on a literature review. The main method used in this study was a survey research. To do so, a questionnaire was designed. First, the authors met several times with the managing directors of three hotels to determine which questions should be included in the survey. This process obtained three main conclusions. First, the questions had to reflect features necessary for hotels and which respondents can feel. Second, the questions had to help hotels outperform their competitors in the changing marketplace. Third, the survey had to be concise. Based on the above conclusions, all the focal constructs of the model were measured using multiple items based on validated scales derived from Grandson and Greenhorns (1998), Huber (1991 Gasworks and Kohl (1 993), Kohl t al. (1993), Norman and Rust (1 999), and Nearer and Slater (1990). Table 1 lists the constructs, definitions and sources of scales. The questionnaire was first developed in English, but as the survey was conducted in Chinese, hotel management directors and academics helped with the translation. The wording and interpretation of items, and the extent to which respondents felt they possessed the knowledge required to respond appropriately were considered until a final draft of the questionnaire was obtained. Following the development of the draft questionnaire, used respondent anonymity, meaning anonymity of the measurement items and pilot-tested by 60 hotels managing directors to correct possible defects and doubts.

The History of Jell-O

The History of Jell-O Jell-O: It’s now as American as apple pie. Once a twice-failed processed food made from a mash-up of animal parts, it managed to become a hit dessert and the go-to food for generations of sick children.   Who Invented Jell-O? in 1845, New York industrialist Peter Cooper patented a method for the manufacture of gelatin, a tasteless, odorless gelling agent made of out animal by-products. Cooper’s product failed to catch on, but in 1897, Pearle Wait, a carpenter turned cough syrup manufacturer in LeRoy, a town in upstate New York was experimenting with gelatin and concocted a fruit-flavored dessert. His wife, May David Wait, dubbed it Jell-O.   Woodward Buys Jell-O Wait lacked the funding to market and distribute his new product. In 1899 he sold it to Frank Woodward, a school dropout who by the age of 20 had his own business, Genesee Pure Food Company. Woodward bought the rights to Jell-O for $450 from Wait. Once again, sales lagged. Woodward, who sold a number of patent medicines, Raccoon Corn Plasters, and a roasted coffee substitute called Grain-O, grew impatient with the dessert. Sales were still slow, so Woodward offered to sell the rights to Jell-O ® to his plant superintendent for $35. However, before the final sale, Woodward’s intensive advertising efforts, which called for distribution of recipes and samples and paid off. By 1906, sales reached $1 million.   Making Jell-O a National Staple The company doubled down on marketing. They sent out nattily dressed salesmen to demonstrate Jell-O. The also distributed 15 million copies of a Jell-O recipe book containing celebrity favorites and illustrations by beloved American artists, including Maxfield Parrish and Norman Rockwell. The dessert’s popularity rose. Woodward’s Genesee Pure Food Company was renamed Jell-O Company in 1923. Two years later it later merged with Postum Cereal, and eventually, that company became the behemoth known as the General Foods Corporation, which is now called Kraft/General Foods. The gelatinous aspect of the food made it a popular choice among mothers when their children were suffering from diarrhea. In fact, doctors still recommend serving Jell-O water- that is, unhardened Jello-O- to children suffering from loose stools.

Unlocking the postcolonial experience with the keys of history Essay

Unlocking the postcolonial experience with the keys of history - Essay Example In my reading of history I have found that the meaning of history is different for different people.In other words any history,which includes also the postcolonial one,has a subjective meaning for the individual.However,an objective approach to history can unlock the impasse of interpretation of history to the reasonable satisfaction of all people.I have observed that the tone of eulogy that characterized the early writers in the heyday of colonization has given way to less buoyant enthusiasm in the postcolonial literature after the liquidation of the empire. I should think that the Postcolonial writer now expresses his authentic subjective experience, not only of the colonial past, but also his perception of the aftermath of colonization.History is important in Postcolonial studies because it fixes the parameters for inclusion or exclusion the sources that we should study. Experience of a historical colonial past and the literature that reflects this is included as the canonical wor ks for study. However, many argue that the colonial past though politically over is actually present because of the overwhelming influence still exerted by former rulers on their former colonies. Some others argue that colonization is still a reality as some powerful nations still exercise political power from a distance through their conglomerates.1 There is a school of thought that argues that colonial experience is universal in human history because some time in the remote or recent past most countries or peoples had the experience of being subjugated by another powerful people.2 What is Postcolonial I feel that it is necessary to have a clear idea of the term Postcolonial. It became prominent terminology in academic parlance with the publication of Edward Said' vehement critique of western ideas of the Orient in his work Orientalism. His work highlights the inaccuracies of a wide variety of assumptions accepted on individual, academic and political levels. It is a mirror image of what is inferior and alien to the west (Said 1978). According to Said a historian and a scholar should see the diversity of culture and allow room for a dynamic variety of human experience. However, I find that Said was insistent about the essential difference between the orient and the occident. So I feel that in spite of the stereotype that European perception has of the orient there is different subjective perception of one another. In this context it is desirable to read Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe. From this we get a proper insight into the colonial mind.3 With the appearance in 1989 of the work The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures, Postcolonial studies became a branch of study by itself and earlier terms like Colonial Literature, Commonwealth Literature and Third World Literature were replaced by Postcolonial. However many do not consider the term suitable. In fact some use term to signify a stand against Imperialism and Euro- centrism often surprisingly ante-Americanism. In this context I wish to compare and contrast the perspective of earlier writers who were conscious or unconscious appendages of the Raj by examining the work, In an Antique Land by Amitav Ghosh.4 Is American Experience Part of Postcolonialism Americas were one of the earliest scenes of European colonial adventure. The American expansion at the cost of the native American population is one of the saddest chapters of world history. Similarly the flourishing slave trade and the vestiges of which remained in our recent memory makes the America all the more a part of essential colonial experience. The white chroniclers of European explorations cinemetically focussed on what they saw through a single lense. However the Postcolonial historians capture the quite mystique of the discovery of the unfolding virgin America with the eyes of the natives Americans also.This

Management information system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management information system - Essay Example Confidentiality ensures that the information is not accessed by any person who is not authorized. Integrity ensures that the data is not modified or altered by unauthorized users and authentication deals with ensuring that the user is actually the person he claims to be. These days computers are used by everyone from banking to shopping and communicating with others. Though there might not be any secret information in your data but one would not want a stranger getting access to his/her information. Intruders often gain control to anyone’s computer so that they can use it for their attacks on other confidential systems. According to (Caldwell 175) computer security has five fundamental functional areas which are listed below: Risk Avoidance This is a basic security fundamental which deals with questions like unrestricted internet access, business engaging in risky activities and standardization on a desktop operating system. Prevention This consists of implementing security to the system in order to avoid any attacks. Complete prevention is desirable but not achievable. Deterrence It deals with the threats to information assets, consisting of communication strategies which are developed and designed to catch the intruders when they attack the system. Detection It works well with preventive measures. When prevention fails, detection should be started in order to minimize the damage. It also includes activities like log-keeping and auditing. Recovery When all measures fail and the intruder has successfully attacked the system and nothing has worked, it is important to focus on recovery. Includes backing up servers, internet connections and other similar recovery activities. Attacking Techniques There have been various techniques used by intruders these days to attack a single computer or a network. Some of them are listed and described briefly below: Viruses A virus is such a program that when it is executed it works within the security policy completely. When a virus is activated, that is when it becomes a part of a process; it makes use of a Trojan horse to look for the authorized environment for executable programs which are modifiable and then attaches itself with all such programs. Hence, when these programs are executed, the virus activates and spreads throughout the executable code of the computer. Viruses can create, modify, move, replicate and erase the files on a computer in order to engage much of the computer’s memory and causes the system not to function properly. Some viruses even have the ability to duplicate themselves and attack to other programs. An infected email attachment is one of the most common and easy ways to get a virus. (Caldwell 212) Trojan Horse A Trojan horse attack can be designed to attain any desired goals by the attacker. Trojan horse attacks are one of the most serious threats to computer security. If a computer has been attacked with a Trojan horse, it may not be the only computer under att ack but unknowingly it is used to attack several other computers. Trojan Horses are usually built and attached to the source code of an original program and is made to remain dormant until an attempt is made to overcome security. For example a Trojan horse may appear in the form of a computer game, which once double clicked, starts writing on parts of your hard drive, corrupting the data. Trap door A trapdoor is normally an entrance to the

Theories for Youth Gang Crime

Theories for Youth Gang Crime Reasons Why Teens Engage in Street Gang Related Crime Introduction The rapid increase of criminal gangs in the United States of America has been alarming in the recent past. It had been reported that these criminal gangs have been recruiting juveniles as members of the gang  (Howell, 2015). Due to this tremendous increase, there has become the need to address this issue critically and extensively. The issue of radicalization of the youth can also be addressed on this topic  (Howell, 2015). Most youths have enrolled themselves in these gangs for a couple of reasons such as the need for affiliation and peer pressure, weak social; control structures among others. The thirst of power for these youngsters can also be seen as a driving factor to the enrolment to this criminal gang. The gangs have structures that are determined by the ability and willingness to commit crimes  (Howell, 2015). These gangs are a major heat to the well-being of the people they operate around due to their actions of robbery, assaults and uncontrolled killings. Failure of the federal government to implement harsh laws on criminals bears all the blame for the increase in street gangs. Structure of gangs Most types of gangs form the general structure of the organized group.   The group members, as derived from the definition of a gang, are from a similar background and share a common interest  (Ratcliffe, 2016). The members of these groups are arranged in hierarchies which are determined by specific factors such as the ability to fight, physical structure, the willingness to commit crimes among others.   Most gangs operate informally having their leadership falling on whoever takes control. The structure depends on their primary size which in most times ranges from five to thousand  (Krohn & Eassey, 2015). The structure of gangs may also depend on the mission of the gang. It may have subgroups in itself that report to the main group. Research done by the federal board of investigations indicates that about thirty-three thousand criminal gangs operate in the United States of America. These gangs have been reported to enroll about 1.4 million members in the past fourteen years  (Ratcliffe, 2016). Another study by statistic brain found that about forty percent of the gangs in the US are below eighteen years of age. It further analyzed that about eight percent of the gang members are females. Large cities and their suburbs remains the hub of street gangs in the United States America having about forty-one and twenty-five percent respectively  (Phillips, 2015). Street gangs cost the government about one million dollars to establish the gang risk intervention program that was initiated in the Los Angeles school system Social control theory postulates that most people would commit crimes if not for the controls that the society puts on them  (Krohn & Eassey, 2015). In this case, most children will engage themselves in crimes since the society has less strict rules that guide the conduct of the children. The society may lack the fundamental structures that control the children such as the school. Due to this, the children are likely to be pulled by their peers to enter into crime and criminal related activities to so as to quench their thirst of affiliation  (Krohn & Eassey, 2015). The failure of the school to develop affirmative guidelines to control the behavior of the students can lead the students to crimes. Strain theory assumes that the society sets goals for the people to achieve. The people are guided by the societal values so as to achieve that target. When people fail to achieve the targets in the most moral ways, they use every means to make sure that they at least accomplish what the society expects regardless of the moral drive  (Krohn & Eassey, 2015). By so doing, they find themselves engaging in criminal acts. In most times most people who engage themselves in crimes do not like hard work and delayed gratification, therefore, thy look for a better and faster way of achieving their goal. Social disorganization theory postulates that a child’s physical and social environments are key factors that shape the behavior of the child. A society that has weak structures is likely to mold people who are weak in their morality. In this theory, the society a person lives in is held into account of the person’s choices  (Howell, 2015). A society that is characterized by poor schools, high rate of unemployment, and a mix of the residential and commercial property is likely to have many young people developing criminal behaviors. For example, a child living in a filthy environment will tend to have a behavior that leans towards crime while that who lives in a physically and morally clean environment is likely to have a behavior that leads the towards morality and deviance to crimes. Engaging in crimes violates the law. Gang violence is a threat to the social and economic welfare of the country. Gang violence drives away investors since they threaten investment. People who engage themselves in crimes are an economic liability to the society  (Krohn & Eassey, 2015). Also, the cost of incarcerating gang members is very high and strains the public finance for the federal government. The other problem of young people engaging in crimes is that they act as a threat to security. Young people are usually very energetic, and if engaged in criminal activities they can cause high insecurity to the lives of peoples and their property. Criminal gangs dissolve the societies’ values but acting in defiance of the set rules. The meaning of the laws set by the society is lessened by the criminal activities  (Krohn & Eassey, 2015). Criminal gangs tamper with the social order. They change the usual way of living and after that dismantle the already existing social structures. These gangs give teachers and the law enforcers a hard time during their correction. The social structures such as the school should be made stronger so as to prevent radicalization of the youth. They should have an elaborate structure of governance that offers strict rules and regulations to be used as a guidance tool for the conduct of the young children. Teachers, for example, should conduct themselves in a way that is worth copying by the children  (Howell, 2015). They should act as role models for the children to emulate and embrace their behavior. The school should have mechanisms that control the children behavior not only in the school environment but also in their entire interactions in the society at large. The federal government of the United States of America has set up the National gang intelligence center with the aim of curbing the growth of criminal gangs which have been reportedly increasing tremendously. The NGIC has the mandate to integrate the gang intelligence across the individual states and the local law enforcement agencies  (Ratcliffe, 2016). The center provides timely and accurate information by ensuring that it provides strategic analysis of intelligence. The The Transnational Anti-Gang task force has been established to curb the MS-13 and the 18th street gangs which are very popular in the United States. The mission of this force is to investigate interrupt and dismantle any of these transnational gangs  (Howell, 2015). This force operates as a team with the FBI. The government should also ensure that they initiate the safe neighborhood projects that will help in reporting crimes when the gangs start to form. This will help combat the criminal gangs from the grassroots. Recommendation Parents must be provided with the necessary education on how to spot the signs of aging associations of their children. They should also be taught on how to work with their children to make the value of the gangs seem less fashionable.   Families also need help to deal with their children who show aspects of deviance by joining street gangs  (Krohn & Eassey, 2015). The school also should put in place viable measures that will help in reducing the pressure for the children to join the street gangs. The school should provide the law enforcers with the right information on the development of gangs in the schools.it should also give accurate information on drugs to the students  (Phillips, 2015). The teachers should also teach the students on how to â€Å"say no† to drugs and other crimes. Conclusion As from the above statistics, street gangs are very dangerous and bring about extensive problems  (Howell, 2015). They are very critical, and they should be dealt with immediate effect because they get bigger and worse when they realize that there is no action being taken against them. Even after the efforts of the government, and the social structures to combat the gangs, the gangs have continued to grow tremendously in the United States of America  (Phillips, 2015). The above recommendation is believed to bring an amicable solution if put in place since they deal with the criminal gangs at the grassroots. References Howell, J. (2015). The history of street gangs in the United States: their origins and transformations. New York: Lexington Books. Krohn, M., & Eassey, J. (2015). Integrated theories of crime. The encyclopedia of theoretical criminology, 81-94. Phillips, S. (2015). The Gang-Drug Nexus: Violence, FBI Safe Streets Task Force. In New Approaches to Drug Policies. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. Ratcliffe, J. (2016). Intelligence-led policing. London, UK: Routledge.

Women in Sports - NCAA vs. AIAW :: Sports Essays Women

NCAA vs. AIAW Women have faced an uphill battle throughout the history of sports whether it is to be able to compete in sports, to attain equal funding for programs, to have access to facilities, or a number of other obstacles that have been thrown in their ways. Women have had to organize and administer their own sports structure rather than compete within the men's structure that existed. The sheer strength and determination of many women sports heroes is what propels women's sport to keep going. One theme that has predominantly surfaced in this fight though is the merging of women's programs with men's, oftentimes only when they are successful enough to stand alone on their own. When female athletes wanted to participate in tournaments and intercollegiate play they had to form their own league, since the NCAA would not accept women's teams. Many women fought long and hard in order to form the Association of Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) in 1972, and even harder to make it the successful league it eventually became. The AIAW gained corporate sponsors and television coverage of their national championship and also catapulted women's basketball into the forefront of athletics worldwide. In 1976, just four years after the formation of the AIAW, women's basketball debuted at the Olympics. At the end of its reign the AIAW had created 42 national championships and moved from a 276 charter member institution into an organization consisting of 971 institutional members (Hult). In 1979 Title IX was passed, giving female athletes a huge step towards achieving their goals but possibly giving the AIAW it's defeating blow. With the passage of Title IX came funding for women's sports that was not present prior to this. Suddenly women's athletics were more than just a game, they were profitable sports and men took note of this. Most educational institutions merged their men's and women's physical education and athletic departments. Since this new athletic department had twice the staff that was needed, women athletic director and administrators were sent down to secondary positions. Men were now controlling women's athletics, one domain where women had ruled for the past decade. Male coaches weren't the only ones to notice the potential profit included in women's athletics; the NCAA began to make serious offers to AIAW about merging. Because the NCAA had not prior to this considered the AIAW an equal until women's athletics had potential for television contracts and national championships, the AIAW refused these offers.